Identified Entities And Their Attributes Information Technology Essay

Identified Entities And Their Attributes Information Technology Essay Late Travel has inaugurated a new travelling business between the airport and the lost town. The travelling options they offer can either their own chauffeured car or a coach service. A database is designed to assist the administration of this new service. The database contains the information pertaining to staff information, customer information, car or couch availability, customer journey and payment details etc. An E-R model is developed based on the above case study and it is normalised into 3NF. A relational database based on the normalised E-R model is produced which demonstrate that your database stores the required data and relationship between different entities. Table of Contents Table of Figures ER Model: conceptual model and logical models Entity relationship model is a database modelling method used to represent the conceptual data. Conceptual data model is prepared when an information system is based on a database, which at the later stage is mapped to logical data model such as relational model which is in turn mapped to the physical model. Identified Entities and their Attributes An entity has a distinct existence which is uniquely identified. An entity can be a house, employee or a car. Entities are described by a set of properties called attributes. Each entity must have the values for its attributes which is uniquely identifiable from other entities in a particular entity set. Following are the entities and its attributes for the Late Travel (LT). Below are the Entities (customer, employee and booking) and there attributes. Attributes of an employee are shown in the figure below. Here Employee_id is a primary key which is used to uniquely identify each employee. Employee Employee_id Employee_address_id Employee_name Employee_phone Other_employee_details Figure : Entity (Employee) and its attributes Attributes of the customers are shown in the figure below. Here Customer_id is a primary key which is used to uniquely identify each customer. Customer customer_id payment_id customer_name Customer_address Sex customer_phone Date_of_birth Date_became_customer Figure : Entity (Customer) and its attributes Attributes of a booking is shown in the figure. Here booking_id is a primary key which is used to uniquely identify each booking by the customer. Customer_id is a foreign key which is mapped to Entity (customer) and outcome_code will provide information whether the booking is cancelled or not. Status_code field will give information whether status is confirmed or waiting, for the customer for particular booking. Booking booking_id customer_id Outcome_code Status_code date_of_booking Car_id Journey_code Booking_details Figure : Entity (booking) and its attributes Identified Relationships between Entities A relationship is an association among the entities. Relational database model represents the set of relationship of same type. Figure 4 shows the order relationship between a customer and booking. Customer customer_id payment_id customer_name Customer_address Sex customer_phone Date_of_birth Date_became_customer Booking booking_id customer_id Outcome_code Status_code date_of_booking Car_id Journey_code Booking_details order Figure : Relationship set of customer and booking Figure 4 represents the idea that a customer orders a booking for hiring a car or equivalently, a booking is ordered by the customer. Here the another question comes which is whether a customer can order more than one booking or whether booking can be ordered by more than one customer. The question raised is that of cardinality. In fact the example above depicts that customer can order zero or more booking and likewise, a booking may be ordered by zero or more customer. An arrow is used to connect the entities when one-to-one or one-to-many relationship is modelled. Below figure depicts how arrows are used to represent cardinality: One Many One One Many Many Figure : Cardinality In the previous example it is reasonable to expect that a customer can exist without having order a single booking, and conversely, that booking exist even though none have been ordered yet. Therefore none of the entities in an entity set may participate in a particular relationship is partial participation. In contrast to this, an entity set may participation in a relationship. Diagrammatically, this is represented by connecting the entity set to the relationship set with a double line. Figure 6 shows the relationship of an agent to a Late Travel agency which combines both cardinality and participation. It is clearly stated that Late Travel agency can employs zero or more agents, and that an agent must be employed by only Late Travel agency. Late Travel agency Employs Agent Figure : Cardinality and participation constraint Conceptual model A conceptual model is a modelling of concepts and relationship. This term is used from a long time in a database design. It is independent of DBMS and allows easy communication between end users and the developers. Below is the conceptual model of Late Travel showing the entities, attributes and there relationship. Customer customer_id payment_id Customer_name Customer_phone Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_bacame_customer Booking booking_id customer_id car_id outcome_code status_code journey_code date_of_booking booking_detail Payment Payment_id booking_id payment_amount payment_date other_details Ref_booking_status Status_code Status_description (eg: confirmed/waiting) Ref_booking_outcome outcome_code outcome_description (eg: cancelled/ok) Car_details Car_id Driver_id Seats_avail Car_no Driver_details Driver_id Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Journey_details Journey_code Customer_id Place_name Renting_rate Other_details Order Goes for Makes has consist of has Consist of Figure : Conceptual model Above figure shows the conceptual model of Late Travel. The primary objective of the conceptual model is to establish a base understanding of the objects in the system. However it is necessary to create an association among different entities and select their multiplicity. Logical model Logical model represents the abstract structure of information. It is used to display the business process that seeks to capture the importance things usually in the form of a diagram. Some of the benefit of using the logical model is to improve the business process, facilitates reuse of data, gather functional information and decrease the system design cost and time. Figure 7 is already logical as it shows the attributes and relationship among the different entities. All attributes are appearing in a data store. Above diagram is showing the business entities, their inter-relationships, and the cardinality i.e. each customer can order one or more booking of a car for their journey and same way a booking can be ordered by one or more customers-these relationships can be viewed from both ends. Is database is storing the required data? In order to identify whether the database is storing the necessary data, following are the tasks that are needed to be performed in an iterative manner. Identify the entity type. Identify the attributes of the entity. Application of naming convention. Identify relationship among entities. Data model patterns need to be applied. Assign keys such as primary, unique and foreign key. To reduce data redundancy it should be normalized. All these tasks are being performed on this case study Late Travel (LT). Therefore required data is being stored in the database. And as it is already stated that above tasks are needed to be performed in an iterative manner, therefore it is a continuous process. Normalized E-R Model to 3NF Normalization is the way of ensuring that a relational database structure is free from insertion, update and deletion anomalies that might lead to loss of integrity of data. In 1970s E.F. Codd and his team at IBM introduced the concept of relational databases, proposed normalization through several normal forms. Below tables are assigned with the keys. Customer customer_id (PK) payment_id (FK) Customer_name Customer_phone Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_bacame_customer Booking booking_id (PK) customer_id (FK) car_id (FK) outcome_code (FK) status_code (FK) journey_code (FK) date_of_booking booking_detail Payment Payment_id (PK) booking_id (FK) payment_amount payment_date other_details Ref_booking_status Status_code (PK) Status_description (eg: confirmed/waiting) Ref_booking_outcome outcome_code (PK) outcome_description (eg: cancelled/ok) Car_details Car_id (PK) Driver_id (FK) Seats_avail Car_no Driver_details Driver_id (PK) Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Journey_details Journey_code (PK) Customer_id (FK) Place_name Renting_rate Other_details Order Goes for Makes has consist of has Consist of Figure : Tables of Late Travel First Normal Form (1NF) A relational table X is in 1NF (First Normal form), if it meets certain set of criteria. This criterion ensures that each attribute is single-valued with atomic values. In other words table is free from repeating groups. Now if we check whether the logical model discussed above is in 1NF or not. Lets discuss the employee and customer table. Employee employee_id (PK) employee_address_id (FK) employee_name employee_phone other_employee_details Customer customer_id (PK) payment_id (FK) Customer_name Customer_phone Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_became_customer Driver_details Driver_id (PK) Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Figure : Employee and customer table As 1NF says that there should be no repeating group but in this case phone number of employee or customer can be more than one. Therefore this relational table is not in first normal form e.g. Employee_id Employee_add_id Employee_name Employee_phone Other_emp_details 1 100 John 98787787, 8898987988 none 2 101 Steve 89898987,98989898 3 102 Mark 98989898898 Here, column employee_phone doesnt contains the atomic value therefore in order to make it 1NF separate entity such as customer_phone_num and employee_phone_num is needed to be defined. Employee employee_id (PK) employee_address_id (FK) employee_name other_employee_details Customer customer_id (PK) payment_id (FK) Customer_name Customer_address Date_of_birth Sex Date_became_customer Employee_phone employee_id (PK) phone_num Customer_phone customer_id (PK) phone_num Driver_details Driver_id (PK) Driver_name Driver_address Driver_phone Driver_phone driver_id (PK) phone_num Figure : Employee, customer and driver table Now all the tables are in First Normal Form as all the columns are having the atomic values. Second Normal Form (2NF) A relational table X is in Second Normal Form when table is in 1NF. A table that is in 1NF must meet the criteria to qualify for the second normal form. This criterion ensures that set of attributes X is functionally dependent on set of attributes Y. For instance, lets look at the booking table: Employee_id Employee_add_id Employee_name Employee_phone Other_emp_details 1 100 John 98787787, 8898987988 none 2 101 Steve 89898987,98989898 3 102 Mark 98989898898 Booking booking_id (PK) customer_id (FK) car_id (FK) outcome_code (FK) status_code (FK) journey_code (FK) date_of_booking booking_detail Figure : Booking table Booking_id Customer_id Car_id Outcome_code Status_code Journey_code Date_of_booking Booking_details 1 1001 100 1 3 2 24-Mar-10 2 1002 101 2 4 3 25-Mar-10 Here as we can see that, none of its non prime attributes are functionally dependent on a subset of a candidate key. Therefore the tables are already in second normal form. Following are the tables that are designed to store the information regarding customer, employees, car, journey and booking. These tables meet the criteria to be second normal form. Hence there is no need to alter the tables. Third Normal Form (3NF) A relation table X is in second normal form when every non prime attribute R is non-transitively dependent on every key of R. In other words a relationship database is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and no non-primary attribute is functionally dependent on another non primary key. Lets look at one of the table journey_details of Late Travel. Journey_details Journey_code (PK) Customer_id (FK) Place_name Renting_rate Other_details Figure : Journey table Journey_code Customer_id Place_name Renting_rate Other_details 001 331 Airport 500 002 332 Airport 500 Here as we can see that renting rate depends upon the place, therefore this table is not in third normal form. In order to make it in third normal form two separate tables or entities would be created- One containing the journey code, customer_id, place_id and other_details and the other containing the place_id, place_name and renting_rate. Below figure is showing the two tables: Journey_details Journey_code (PK) Customer_id (FK) Place_id (FK) Other_details Place_details Place_id (PK) Place_name Renting_rate Figure : Journey and place table Now the E-R model is normalized into third normal form (3NF). Now all the tables contain the atomic values and non primary attributes are functionally dependent on primary key. And lastly no non-primary key attribute is functionally dependent on another non-primary key. SQL Queries Below are the different SQL queries which will be mostly used during the management of Late Travel database. Query result is displayed and explained below: Select customer_name, customer_address, date_of_birth, sex, date_became_active from Customer WHERE Date_became_customer > 2010-01-01 Description: This query will display all the active customers since 1st Jan 2010. Why Needed: This query is important because it displays the list of new customers added from a particular date. Output: Expected Output is: customer_name customer_address date_of_birth sex date_became_active John 35, paris road 1988-09-06 male 2010-02-02 Smith 78, dahiya bhavan 1978-07-08 male 2010-03-04 David 109, green park 1980-08-08 male 2010-01-09 Select emp.employee_id ID, emp.employee_name Name, addr.address Address from Employee emp, emp_Address addr WHERE emp.employee_id = addr.employee_id Description: This query will display all the employees with their details. Why Needed: This query is important because it displays the list of all employees. It might possible that at any instance of time it is required to get the information about the employees working in Late Travel. Output: Expected Output is: ID Name Address 1 John 32 James park 2 Mark 45 green avenue 3 Steve 14 Vikas puri Select car.car_id ID, car.car_no Car No., driver.driver_name Driver Name, driver.driver_address Driver Address, FROM Car_details car, Driver_details driver WHERE car.driver_id = driver.driver_id Description: This query will display the information about the particular car like who is the driver, car number etc. Why Needed: This query is important because it is required to get the information about the particular car and the driver who is responsible of handling it. Output: Expected Output is: ID Car No Driver Name Driver Address 1 HGH 7678 Austin 23, Qutub Enclave 2 HKK 101 Preety 44, Hilton 3 NMN 420 Lisa 88, oberios Select * FROM Booking RIGHT JOIN Journey On Booking.customer_id =Journey.customer_id WHERE date_of_booking = 2010-03-24 Description: This query will display all the booking for 24 Mar 2010 with details of journey. Why Needed: This query is the basic one as it shows the booking for a particular date. It will display all the information related to booking for whether car is available or not or booking is confirmed or pending. Output: Expected Output is: Booking_id Customer_id Car_id Outcome_code Status_code Journey_code Date_of_booking Booking_details Journey_code Place_name Other_details 1 1001 100 1 3 2 24-Mar-10 001 Airport 2 1002 101 2 4 3 24-Mar-10 002 Airport Critical Reflection Whether we use a file or relational database, depends on the nature of the data and how we conceptualize it. There are some major problems and issues arise during the development of the database majorly of data integrity, performance and flexibility. Normally many of the people result into development of database which contains redundant data or insertion, deletion and modification anomalies. In order to understand the normal form, four terms that must be understood are: Dependency Key Domain and Restriction Designing of database plays an important role in integrity and reliability of the data, therefore it is necessary to carefully inspect the database structure, entities and their relationship. Conclusion A database is designed for Late Travel (LT) which is used to store the information related to employee, customer, journey, payment, car and driver details. A conceptual and E-R diagram is developed based on the above case study, showing the relationship among different entities. All the tables are normalized into the third normal form and then the set of queries are fired to show the retrieval of information from database.

Mark Twains The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn English Literature Essay

4. In Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn it is clear as to how the characters have been influenced by their environments. The narrative is set during a clip where bondage and racism are held as socially acceptable and justified by faith in some instances ; this is seen legion times throughout the novel. Although the two major characters Huck and Jim have come from and lived in the same environments, the fortunes of their lives are uncomparable. Society has conditioned Huck to accept bondage and racialist attitudes. Slavery has resulted in Jim ‘s attempts to seek his freedom, but besides his deficiency of instruction and to some degree his superstitious notion. Couple uses the environment environing Huck and Jim non merely to portray how it impacts their actions and beliefs, but besides to do a statement about the lip service, immortality, and unfairness found in civilised society at this clip. At the clip period this novel is set in, bondage is an mundane portion of life. As a reader, we see Huck invariably trying to decide the struggle within himself as he struggles between the dogmas of the South and his ain consciousness and morality. Huck ‘s position about the establishment of bondage is the result of what society has ingrained within him, he was born into it. Huck blindly accepts the societal and spiritual values that the Widow and Miss Watson insist he uphold until his ain witting interferes with what he has been taught. Whenever Huck can non follow societal regulations, he blames it on himself and fails to see any mistake in the regulations. He sees his male parent ‘s bibulous harangue in chapter 6, â€Å" †¦ but when they told me there was a State in this state where they ‘d allow that nigger ballot, I drawed out. I says I ‘ll ne'er vote once more†¦ I says to the people, why ai n't this nigga put up at auction and sold? – that ‘s what I want to cognize † ( Twain 117 ) . Huck hears his male parent ‘s words but does non denounce him because in his universe this position is the norm. Huck is an perceiver and he gives realistic word pictures of what he sees and Twain uses his narrative to exemplify the ailments of society. There are many times in the novel where Huck sees Jim more as a slave, a mere piece of belongings instead than a individual. In chapter 16, Huck begins to panic when he realizes the determination he has made to assist Jim towards freedom, â€Å" †¦ it made me all over trembly and hectic, excessively, to hear him, because I begun to acquire it through my caput that he was most free- and who was to fault for it? † ( 162 ) . Because he believes the values of society are just and merely, Huck feels that he is an confederate for the offense of non turning in Jim back to Miss Watson when he had the opportunity. He goes on to state, â€Å" I got so average and so suffering I most wished I was dead † ( 162 ) . In chapter 23, we see Huck ‘s attitude toward Jim Begin to alter, â€Å" He was believing about his married woman and kids, off up yonder, and he was low and homesick ; and I do believe he cared merely every bit much for his people as white folks does for thei r'n. It do n't look natural†¦ He was a mighty good nigga, Jim was † ( 204 ) . Huck is able to project aside the racialist values which he has grown up with. Here we see him believing for himself. What Huck sees as natural is that slaves do non care for and love their households the same manner as Whites do, but his sentiment is changed when he sees Jim. It is obvious that Huck has non associated with anyone who was non white and it is possible that he sees Jim as person who is rareness among African Americans due to the fact that he loves his household. As the novel progresses, Huck becomes more and more detached from society but non wholly. He and Jim sail down the Mississippi, making a universe of their ain and it is through these experiences that Huck ‘s friendly relationship with Jim grows and where the influences of the exterior universe are repressed to a certain extent. The best illustration of this is when Huck decides to compose the missive to Miss Watson stating her where Jim is, nevertheless his internal struggles are clearly seeable as he debates with himself whether or non he should make this. Before he precedes to compose the missive Huck says â€Å" And at last, when it hit me all of a sudden that here was the apparent manus of Providence slapping me in the face and allowing me know that my evil was being watched all the clip from up at that place in Eden, whilst I was stealing a hapless old adult female ‘s nigga that had n't of all time done me no injury†¦ † ( 238 ) . Huck still can non look to get away the impression that because Jim is a runaway slave helping in his attempts to get away is a wickedness. Although Huck can do his ain determinations, society ‘s rules still influence him greatly and after he writes the missive he even goes on to province that it was the first clip in his life he felt wholly â€Å" clean of wickedness † ( 239 ) . Religion is something that Huck does non clearly understand so his fright of the possible spiritual effects such as snake pits take precedency over his ain morality. However, instantly after composing the missive, Huck begins to believe about Jim and all the good he has done for him and makes a important determination, â€Å" All right, so, I ‘ll travel to hell- and tore it up. It was atrocious ideas, and atrocious words, but they was said † ( 239 ) . At this point we see that Huck denounces himself for his actions, but by making this he has in a manner rejected what society has instilled in him and established himself as an improbable hero. So as Huck ‘s universe alterations from civilized society to life on the Mississippi, from the influence of society at big to the influence of Jim, we can see how Huck besides changes. The Widow and Miss Watson introduced in chapter 1 can be seen as a representation of Southern society. They attempt to educate Huck, but he merely feels constrained by the regulations and ordinances they impose on him. Society besides fails to protect Huck from his opprobrious male parent as he is forced to travel unrecorded with Pap. All of these experiences contribute to Huck ‘s withdrawal from society and consequence in his disbelieving attitude of the universe. The idea of being sold down South and separated from his household prompts Jim to run off. Bing a slave, Jim is uneducated. For illustration when Huck is explicating to him that Frenchmen talk French he can non look to hold on the construct. In many ways he is like a kid. Jim has besides accepted the positions of his racialist milieus. He is convinced that the inequality and biass inkinesss face are rooted in truth. In chapter 36 it is clear that Tom is utilizing Jim to populate out his imaginativeness, â€Å" And told him how to maintain a diary†¦ He told him everything. Jim, he could n't see no sense in most of it, but he allowed we was white common people and knowed better than him ; so he was satisfied. Despite the manner Jim is being treated, in Jim ‘s head Huck and Tom are white so they must be right. Here, Jim is inactive and self-satisfied which merely emphasizes the subject of bondage in the novel. Couple uses the universe of the characters and how it influences them to supply a societal commentary on his pessimistic positions of humanity. The fresh exposes the jobs he saw in society including the immorality of bondage, spiritual lip service, and the weaknesss of society in general. Jim is treated cruelly by every character throughout the narrative. It is through Huck that bondage is presented as we see him fight between what is jurisprudence in society and what is morally right. The spiritual lip service is abundant from Miss Watson to the Phelps ‘s who have no concern over the establishment of bondage, yet claim to be good citizens. Twain makes it clear as to how racism can misinterpret the beliefs of those who impose bondage and the victims of it. When Huck is handed over to his male parent, this can be seen as Twain ‘s manner to notice on a society that gives whites the right to have other human existences which are considered belongings. A society that claims t o be morally merely and civilized can non warrant bondage.

Racial Profiling Individual Prejudice or Organizational...

Racial Profiling: Individual Prejudice or Organizational Protocol? Racial profiling is generally defined as discrimination put into action based on a stereotype. No one is excluded from the potential to experience some form of racial profiling, regardless of one’s race, gender, or religion. Racial profiling has existed in various forms since slavery. During the reconstruction of the South, the first sense of racial profiling began with â€Å"Black Codes†. â€Å"Black Codes† were created to maintain a new form of slavery. These â€Å"codes† made it punishable by imprisonment and indentured servitude for any African American who loitered, remained unemployed, drunk, or in debt. The â€Å"Black Codes† were a transparent form of what we call racial profiling†¦show more content†¦More traffic stops lead to more arrests, which further skews the racial profiling statistics against African Americans and other non-White ethnic groups. Studies have shown that African Americans are the most likely targeted for these â€Å"routine† stops, but it only fuels the continuance of a viscous cycle that will take more than just a new rule to repair. Researching the police training, I found evidence to support the theory that racial profiling is prejudices put into practice. Police officers are faced with balancing their knowledge of training against the potential for racial profiling. It all begins with their education at the training academy and continues with ongoing in-service training. In-service training is achieved by pairing with a street partner, which is another police officer that is wise to the way of the streets in that specific area. At any point a different form of training, â€Å"informal training†, can begin. I refer to this training as â€Å"informal† because this training is the type that you learn through your own perception of gathered information. This is not training that is necessarily taught, but can include one’s own prejudices and steps are not taken to prevent these prejudices from entering into the officer’s decision making process. A police officer will use their own ways to deal with situations and make judgment calls based on theirShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling : History, Trends, And Evolution2710 Words   |  11 PagesRacial Profiling: History, Trends, Evolution Name Academic Institution Author Note Class Professor Date Racial Profiling: History, Trends, Evolution The issue of race has been a heated and emotional conflict since the founding of this country. Racial profiling is the act of assuming ideas or circumstances pertaining to a certain individual simply based on the color of his or her skin and the racial group to which he or she belongs. Even though the Thirteenth Amendment abolishedRead MoreThe Killing Of Michael Brown2783 Words   |  12 PagesGrace Yao SOC Theory Dr. Kim 20 Jan 2015 Understanding Ferguson Introduction The shooting of sparked a nation-wide movement not only demanding justice for Mike Brown, but also protesting the racial discrimination deeply embedded in the criminal justice system as well as various institutions in the larger American society. Furthermore, jfdkjfjdakljk something about international recognition. Similar protests and riots have been springing up in other cities since 1960s, and police killings of unarmedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagestargeting and positioning Product management Brand management Pricing Channel design and management Retailing and Wholesaling Integrated Marketing Communication Advertising management Sales promotion Personal selling Public relations Understanding individual consumer behaviour Understanding industrial consumer behaviour Customer satisfaction Customer relationship management Marketing of services Rural marketing Types of marketing research Process of marketing research Tools and Techniques of marketing

Which Interest Rate Will Win - 3525 Words

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Sadly, such is the reality that we, as students, are facing right now, with total college loan debts smashing over the twelve-digits tier and knockout the total credit card debt (Erin Dillion 1), currently gains the title of the second worst debt only after home mortgage (Baum). Outstanding household debt, from 2003 to 2013, Student loans has run up to $0.994 trillion dollars, making it the second from home mortgage, risen from 3% to 9%. To be precise, from 2003 to 2008, the student debts has gone up 141%, then from 2008 to 2013, although ALL other outstanding debts (home mortgage, home equity revolving, auto loan, credit card, and others debt) hasShow MoreRelatedRegulating Interest Rates as a Solution to the Recession Essay998 Words   |  4 Pagesmarket, which allow for overhaul and maintain a prosperous future. Regulating bank interest rates and federal interest rates will reduce, if not eliminate the housing market crisis. 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The bottom line of any negotiation process is to achieve the win-win situation for both the parties (Spangler, 2012). The negotiation procedure is based on a procedure of data trade or information sharing. If mediators are looking

Analysis Of Frankenstein By Edgar Allan Poe And Angela...

Throughout Mary Shelley’s novel, ‘Frankenstein’, there has been a constant struggle and dispute as to which force is the most dominant and potent; science or religion. It can be argued that the character Victor Frankenstein is in fact trying to fulfil his role as God; the power to create and sustain life just as easily as it is to take it away. However this idea of creating life and becoming a God-complex was much more appealing and alluring than the lamentable reality, suggesting that his concept should have remained just that; an idea. As a result, his utopia quickly developed into a dystopia when Victor created a ‘catastrophe’. This novel seems to fit more so in this century than when it was written in 1818; for now we have the studies of cloning which has sparked much controversy. Throughout this essay I will also be looking at work created by Edgar Allan Poe and Angela Carter to help illuminate my points and gather a broader understanding. A lot of emphasis has been placed upon the importance of Mary Shelley’s family history in the formation of Frankenstein. Shelley gave birth to a daughter in 1815 who later died after just 2 weeks. It has been reported that she had written about a dream in one of her journals that her baby ‘came to life again’ after she ‘rubbed it before the fire’. (Journals, P.70) This is probably one of the main influences into writing a novel on creating life and ‘raising’ the dead. Nevertheless, this did not end well and resulted in only

Run Lola Run Free Essays

Tom Tykwer has visually represented distinctive ideas in the film, Run Lola Run. Discuss how visual language is used to illustrate these distinctive ideas in Run Lola Run and one related text of your own choosing. Visual language is consistently used to illustrate the visually distinctive ideas in both the films Run Lola Run directed by Tom Tykwer and The Butterfly Effect directed by Eric Bress. We will write a custom essay sample on Run Lola Run or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both these films explore how perceptions of relationships with others and the world are shaped through the use of various techniques. The two main concepts explored in these movies is the strong them of love and life being a game. The theme of love is strongly displayed in both Run Lola Run and The Butterfly Effect which is shown through the use of many visual techniques. In Run Lola Run, Tykwer is able to explore Lola and Manni’s love through capturing their passion and love with the use of the red camera tinge. The ominous red becomes a repeating motif throughout the film for Lola and Manni’s relationship. The red tinge is in contrast with the dull city making Lola’s love and passion a main feature of the love story. Tykwer is also able to use the medium POV shot, showing Lola and Manni in each other’s arms possibly just after a moment of romance, this shot also suggests that love lends purpose and strength within our lives. Further uses of techniques to emphasise the importance of love throughout the film are shown through the scattered use of close up’s on both Lola and Manni’s face, provides the insight as to how they bring both comfort and a sense of security to each other. But at the same time the thought of losing one another strikes fear and hurt within the character’s eyes. Similarly to Run Lola Run, Eric Bress film The Butterfly Effect also strongly display through the use of visual techniques the theme of love and the assumption that love remains central to our existence. It is Evan’s love for Kayley which becomes the catalyst for his attempts to travel through time to alter his past and in a similar way it is Lola’s love for Manni and the importance for preservation of his life that drives Lola through time to save Manni’s life. Like Tom Tykwer, Eric Bress uses similar techniques to express the importance of love in one’s life. Bress uses the similar camera angle of the medium side shot, again showing the comfort and security both characters bring to one another as well as giving the scene context through the use of the bed and no clothes, also implying a moment of romance. The scene also uses the scattered close up shots of both the characters face, just like the scene in Run Lola Run, suggesting the focus on their individual feelings and reactions to the situation. The theme of life as a game is consistently shown throughout Run Lola Run; Tykwer is able to make the audience feel as if the movie is a game developing this as a central theme. The concept of the film being a game is done through the film structure, as when Lola fails/ looses, she is able to restart and try again, as one would do in a game. She is then able to change the result to one that better suits her and Manni. It is in the scene in which Lola is in the casino which develops the best sense of life being a game as it is possibly both Lola and Manni’s life being determined on the result of the casino game. The great importance of the outcome in the casino is portrayed to the audience through the close up of Lola’s face, highlighting her facial expression, engaging the audience through the importance of the situation to Lola. Also by using the casino scene it shows to the audience that Lola’s choices were won through a game of chance, and it was this chance that payed off and enabled her to win this game. It is at the start of this scene, where Lola stops and thinks about her previous mistakes, and assesses the situation, allowing her to finally ‘beat this level’. This is shown through the camera angle of first the 360, expressing Lola’s thoughts becoming out of control, and then the close up of Lola’s stare at the casino, where Lola has discovered her answer. It is in this third scenario where Lola is seen to have grown as a person and has not only won the casino game, but won the other games going on in her own life. This idea can be considered as a metaphor for our own lives, about gaining the skills to master the games within our everyday lives. The concept of life being a game and most importantly the concept of manipulation of time is also shown in The Butterfly Effect where Evan has the ability to travel back in time through his blackouts to his old self and change his past to effectively change his present self and life, this makes the audience question his ability to manipulate time. Likewise Lola discovers she is also able to manipulate time and travel backwards and fix the mistakes she previously made in order to save her lovers life. Just like Evan, Lola plays with time and uses it to her ability. Both Bress and Tykwer use editing to generate this feeling of control of time, using tools such as slow and fast motion to alter the true timing of the situations and gather the character’s control of the situation, mixed with 360 moving camera to create that sense of being out of control, which is very similar to the use of spirals that Tykwer uses in Run Lola Run. How to cite Run Lola Run, Papers

Brazil Essay Research Paper Stretching over 2500 free essay sample

Brazil Essay, Research Paper Stretching over 2,500 stat mis form east to west and 2,700 stat mis from north to south, Brazil is the universe s largest tropical state. The lone states that are larger are the lands of Russia, Canada, China and the United States. Brazil has more so 150 million people spread unevenly over its immense land country, doing it the 5th most populated state in the universe. ( Encyclopedia.com ) More so two tierces of Brazil s people live in the metropoliss and towns and more so 29 per centum of them are in the 10 metropoliss with more so a million people. These include the metropolitan country of Sao Paulo with more so 15 million people and Rio de Janeiro with more so 9 million people. The rural population is largely concentrated on the East Coast or in the Highlandss of the more southern provinces. Settlement nevertheless among the other provinces is sporadic through the other sectors of the state, but no affair where the bulk may shack or go on to travel, one unitary authorities still s helters them under the flag of Brazil. The Spanish sailing master Vicente Yanez Pinzon was the first known European in the part now representing Brazil and with this find placed the freshly discovered land in the custodies of Portugal. In April 1500, the Portuguese sailing master Pedro Alvares Cabral besides reached the seashore of contemporary Brazil and officially claimed the environing part in the name of Portugal. The district was named Terra district attorney Vera Cruz, Portuguese for # 8220 ; Land of the True Cross # 8221 ; ) . An expedition under the bid of the Italian sailing master Amerigo Vespucci was sent to Terra district attorney Vera Cruz by the Lusitanian authorities in 1501. In the class of his geographic expeditions Vespucci named many nesss and bays, including a bay which he called Rio de Janeiro. He returned to Portugal with a lading of brazilwood, and from that clip frontward Terra district attorney Vera Cruz bore the name of the valuable wood Brazil. ( Encyclopedia.com ) Later through the passing ol d ages Brazil has undergone a series of political swayers from the bossy regulation of Pedro I and II to the militaristic government of Manuel Deodoro district attorney Fonseca. In November of 1889, A democracy was proclaimed, with Fonseca as caput of the probationary authorities. Separation of church and province and other republican reforms were fleetly decreed. The drafting of a fundamental law was completed in June 1890. Similar to the Constitution of the United States, it was adopted in February 1891, and Brazil became a federal democracy, officially styled the United States of Brazil. Fonseca was elected its first president.Brazil is now a federal democracy with 26 provinces and a federal distract. In the 1988 fundamental law granted wide powers to the federal authorities, dwelling of executive, legislative and judicial subdivisions, similar to our signifier of authorities. The president holds office for four old ages, with the right to re-election for an extra four-year term, and appoints his ain cabinet. On October 3rd, 1994 elections were held and won by popular ballot by Fernando Henrique Cardoso who subsequently took office for two footings on January foremost, 1995 to the present after wining a 2nd term in 1998. ( edci.gov ) Federal deputies and senators who belong to the parties compromising the authorities alliances do non ever vote with the authorities. As a consequence, President Cardoso has had trouble, at times, deriving sufficient support for some of his legislative precedences, despite the fact that his alliance parties hold an overpowering bulk of congressional seats. Cardoso as president of Brazil, hold two rubrics while he remains in office: Head of State and Head of the Government. These presidential powers are balanced by a bicameral legislative assembly. There are 81 senators, three for each province and besides for the federal territory, and 513 deputies. A deputy being a member of the lower house of the legislative assemblies who ha s the power to take charge when their higher-up is absent. The Senate footings are assigned for eight old ages, with elections staggered so that two tierces of the upper house is up for election at one clip and the other one-third, four old ages subsequently. Chamber footings are for four old ages, with elections based on representational elections by provinces. Each province is so eligible for a lower limit of 8 seats ; the largest province nevertheless, Sao Paulo is stopped at 70 seats since its size is the largest of the state. The consequence of this is a system weighted in favour of the physically larger, but lesser populated provinces. ( edci.gov ) With such a big state, the sum of representative seats is about overly big. Fifteen political parries are represented in Congress and since it is common for politicians to exchange parties, the proportion of congressional seats filled by parties alterations on a regular basis. The following are the major parties in order of largest to smallest in the congressional deputations: Liberal Front Party ( PFL ) , Brazilian Democratic Movement Party ( DMDB ) , Brazilian Social Democratic Party ( PSDB ) , Brazilian Labor Party ( PTB ) , Brazilian Progressive Party ( PPB ) , Workers Party ( PT ) , Democratic Labor Party ( PDT ) , Brazilian Labor Party ( PTB ) , Brazilian Socialist Party ( PSB ) , Communist Party of Brazil ( PCdoB ) and Liberal Party ( PL ) . ( edci.gov ) Since 1960 when Brasilia, the new national capitol was established, great alterations have taken topographic point in Brazilian society and its economic system. Schools and medical attention have come to small towns ; a web of main roads has been built across the interior land and new industries have grown up. But the monetary value of modernisation as besides introduced its less desirable byproducts such as pollution and an increasing offense rate. One other striking job that has been blighting the state of Brazil has been the diminution in the stablen ess of their economic system. Since World War II, Brazil has seen enormous growing and modernisation. Today, Brazils economic system is the 10th largest in the word. It s called a underdeveloped state. The military dictators had visions of Brazil fall ining the ranks of the advanced, industrialised states by the twelvemonth 2000. No 1 believes that end to be possible now, but no 1 denies that enormous development has occurred. Brazil is about a state of contradiction when speaking about its economic system. Traveling through the state it s possible to witness improbably uneven development from dining metropoliss touching the sky, to little native small towns planted on the land. Production techniques that have barley changed from the colonial epoch dominate many parts of the Northeast and Amazonia, while Sao Paulo s monolithic, hi-tech car, steel, weaponries and chemical industries successfully profit in universe trade. Brazil s swayers, atleast since President Kubitschek establishe d Brasilia, have had a preference for constructing things large and they have, of class, been encouraged to make so by the World Bank. The authorities borrowed to a great extent to finance Brasilia s building and resulted in the state s external debt beginning to take off exponentially and a twosome of old ages subsequently rising prices followed. Economic development in Brazil began to decelerate, but at that place ever seemed to be some extremely seeable larger undertakings under manner, which have been instigated by President Cardoso. One such illustration of this was the building of a hydroelectric dike in Sao Paulo in order to prolong the state s turning energy demands. In response though conservationist deemed the undertaking an ecological catastrophe since 100s of estates of rain forest would hold been covered in H2O. Cardoso though in response continued with the operation with hopes in rectifying the energy demands brought about their fading economic system. ( cnn.com ) Many of the undertakings brought approximately to Brazil have been economically sick advised and some neer get completed. Whatever the ground may be doe the uncomplete undertakings, immense sums of money are wasted. The big undertakings do acquire finished, like the dike, create many occupations, atleast once they are built. Using the latest engineering, much of Brazil s new development is capital intensive. Few occupations are created, but non about plenty to use the 1000000s of urban hapless who come from the state side. Brazil now has an estimated 64 million working people ; 17 % of people work in agribusiness, most are landless provincials and 12 % work in industry. ( edci.com ) The Majority of the remainder can non happen nice work and are forced to sell their labour highly inexpensive in occupations that are economically unproductive for society and a dead-end for the person. These economic barriers are another factor that has been damaging the position of Brazils economic system by seeking to back up people who can t in return support the economic system. With inexpensive labour and underemployment in Brazil many in-between category households normally hire two or more unrecorded in amahs. This contrasts with five-year-old childs, who will neer travel to school, who sell masticating gum or shinning places. Peoples are hired to walk Canis familiariss, to watch autos or to present food markets. Even big crews of street sweepers clean the streets with homemade brooms. Peddlers on the beaches sell e verything and gain about nil. Restaurants seem to hold more servers so clients. Unlike other states like Mexico, the hapless have no rich neighbours where they can travel for possible employment and with minor fiscal reforms, there is no alleviation in sight. The fazendeiros, or estate proprietors, with their monolithic land retentions, are really influential with the authorities and apart from the occasional nominal gesture, they are improbable to be interested in separating with their land so that the hapless may carry through themselves financially. With land reforms a far dream for the state of Brazil, the authorities built roads into the virago, the route between Belem and Brasilia in 1960 and the Transamazonica and the Cuiaba to Porto Velho roads in the 1970 s. The add-on of these roads was for the psyche intent of increasing the consumption of modernisation to the state and to open up the Amazon to mineral and agricultural development, and besides promote colony by the rural hapless. The mineral hapless Amazonian dirt proved hard for the peasents to farm. After cutting down the trees and opening up the land, provincials were forced off by big cowss ranchers. Even today the colony of the Amazon continues, peculiarly along the strip of Cuiaba, Porto Velho and Rio Branco, where boomtowns and deforestation follow in the aftermath of ambitious colonists. Over 50 % of Brazil s industry and fiscal security are clustered in and around Sao Paulo City. Most of import of these industries is the auto industry. Labor dealingss with the workers at Volkswagen, General Motors and Ford were managed by an thought that authorities approved brotherhoods were backed b the power of the military province. From 1968 to 1978 the workers were soundless and inactive, until the twenty-four hours one hundred workers at a coach mill went to work and sat down in forepart of their machines. Within two hebdomads 78,000 metal workers were on work stoppage in the Sao Paulo industrial bel t. Within a few hebdomads the work stoppages spread to other industries. There were aggregate assemblies of workers in association football bowls and the government-sponsored brotherhoods were replaced. At the invitation of the Catholic Church, brotherhood offices were moved to the cathedral of Sao Bernado. From this move the military and corporations were caught by surprise and were forced to give into significant pay additions that lead the industries economic retentions to drop even more. ( darkding ) In 1980 there was a new moving ridge of work stoppages, which were better organized, with greater rank-and-file control. Demands were made to democratise the workplace, with shopfloor brotherhood representation and mill and safety commissions. Many betterments were won and many have been lost, but the industrial on the job category had shown its strength and it has non been forgotten. From all these drastic alterations in the industrial universe of Brazil, economic experts called th e 80 s the Lost Decade since a figure of wild boom-and-bust rhythms decimated the economic system from negative growing and explosive rising prices followed record-breaking industrial growing fuelled by foreign capital. Until 1994, the lone certainty in the Brazilian economic system was it uncertainness. Then came the Plano Real, that stabilized the currency, ended the rising prices that had corroded the wages of the lowest pay earners, and provoked a rise in ingestion. Out of the seven economic programs introduced in the last eight old ages, the Real was the first without dazes or broken contracts. The decease of the old pecuniary unit, the cruzerio existent, was announced 52 yearss before the Plano Real introduced a new currency, the existent. A record volume of international militias economically backed the existent, the existent began on a one-for-one para with the US dollar. But as the existent began to drift financially investors began to keep Brazil to a tough criterion. The most of import lesson is that no currency policy can work without strong economic basicss to back up it. Certain Brazil had to move on its overvalued exchange rate, but the state is still really much on investors watch list. Congress must transport out long-promised disbursement cuts and deeper reforms of the revenue enhancement and societal security systems to cut a budget shortage running at 8 % of GDP. Meanwhile, President Cardoso has to guarantee that the rake provinces make good on their $ 73 billion in debt to Brasilia ( Katz ) Before the Real Plan began in action it was hard to foretell what concern could last with the alterations in the economic system. With each measure that the authorities used to take down the rising prices at that place would ever be some sectors of the economic system who benefited with those stairss, but unluckily other sectors were effected badly where many concern became bankruptcy. With the efforts at stabilisation of the economic system the buildin g and bank sectors were affected with troubles, but now most of the economic system is retrieving and recovering from the harm. The economic regulations alteration and the competition is a strong factor to act upon the establishments in order to better their services and their engineerings. On the other manus, with this recent economic recovery that the Brazilian authorities put in action to reenforce the currency, it is hard to foretell what will go on with the economic stableness and what sorts of markets will be affected. As a whole, many establishments in Brazil can last for many old ages depending on the good disposal to vie in unfastened markets. ( Economy ) As for the political effectivity of the state most of the political effectivity in Brazil depends on clip, the involvements and the part in Brazil. For illustration, it is dependent on the clip because in the clip of elections the Brazilian people can detect the authorities in action, such as buildings and other political activities. Everything at this clip is done and concluded to vouch the new election. In the involvements of the parts, it means that the effectivity of the authorities concluded some activities vary in political involvements. As an illustration the distribution of the federal budget in the southern parts receive more benefits because it is more politically strong, and it is more thickly settled and can vouch more advantages in new elections. The difference between the North and south Brazil is that in the South they are more effectiveness like many developed states because it is a rich industrialised part. But on the north part the activities take a long clip to be approved or put in action, because it is a hapless economic part. ( Katz ) Bibliography hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.comhttp: //www.cnn.com/http: //darkding: woregon.edu/sergiok/brnews.html # historyhttp: //www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/br.html # gov Economy ( Brazil, China, and Venezuela ) The Economist, February 20, 1999. Vol 350 pg. 102Katz, Ian. Brazil: Still on the Edge of a Cliff. Newsweek. February 1, 1999. Issue # 3615 Page 59